Kubona amazi meza, meza kandi ahendutse biracyari imwe mu ntego z'ingenzi mu buzima rusange muri Amerika y'Epfo. Uburyo bwiza bwo gutunganya amazi ni ingenzi mu kurinda abantu n'urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima. Mu bintu bitandukanye bikoreshwa mu gusukura amazi, harimo:Polyaluminium Chloride(PAC) yabaye imwe mu mahitamo akunzwe cyane bitewe n'ubushobozi bwayo bwo hejuru, ihendutse, kandi ikora neza mu buryo butandukanye mu miterere y'amazi atandukanye.
Iyi nkuru izagaragaza uburyo bwo guhitamo urwego rwa PAC rukwiriye gukoreshwa mu gutunganya amazi yo kunywa muri Amerika y'Epfo - hashingiwe ku mategeko agenga aho batuye, imiterere y'amazi meza, n'inyungu zikoreshwa - kugira ngo bifashe abakwirakwiza, abakora uruganda, n'amashami y'amazi gufata ibyemezo byo kugura ibintu ku buryo busobanutse.
PAC ni iki kandi kuki ikoreshwa mu gusukura amazi yo kunywa
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) ni polymer idakomoka ku bimeraAgakoresho gakingira amaraso, ikoreshwa cyane mu gukuraho umwanda, ibara n'imyanda y'ibinyabuzima mu mazi mabi. Bitandukanye na sulfate isanzwe ya aluminiyumu (alum), PAC ishobora gukora neza ku rugero rwa pH runini kandi igakora flocs zikomeye kandi zicucitse, bityo ikagenda vuba.
Mu gutunganya amazi yo kunywa, PAC, nk'ikintu cy'ingenzi giteranya uduce duto, colloids n'ibintu karemano, bigatuma bikurwaho byoroshye binyuze mu gusya no kuyungurura.
Ibyiza by'ingenzi bya PAC ugereranije n'abakora mu bucuruzi gakondo:
Ikora neza mu rugero rwagutse rwa pH (5.0-9.0).
Hakenewe dose nto
Kora aluminiyumu nkeya zisigaye
Gabanya ingano y'ibitaka
Kunoza imikorere yo kuyungurura no gusobanutse neza
Ibi bintu bituma PAC ikwiriye cyane amasoko y'amazi yo hejuru nk'imigezi, ibigega n'ibiyaga - ibi bikaba bikunze kugaragara mu bihugu byo muri Amerika y'Epfo.
Sobanukirwa n'amanota atandukanye ya PAC
Ibyiciro n'ibipimo bya PAC (Polyaaluminium chloride) bikunze gushyirwa mu byiciro hashingiwe ku bikubiye mu bice by'ingenzi byayo n'imiterere y'ikoreshwa ryayo. Kubera ko ibipimo ngenderwaho bya PAC bishobora kuba ibipimo ngenderwaho by'igihugu, ibipimo ngenderwaho by'inganda cyangwa ibipimo ngenderwaho by'uruganda, ibipimo byihariye bishobora gutandukana gato, ariko ibipimo ngenderwaho by'ingenzi ni rusange.
Ibi bikurikira ni amanota y'ingenzi n'ibipimo by'imiterere ya Yuncang PAC:
| Ikintu | PAC-I | PAC-D | PAC-H | PAC-M | PAC-G |
| Isura | Ifu y'umuhondo | Ifu y'umuhondo | Ifu y'umweru | Ifu y'amata | Ifu y'umweru w'amata |
| Ibikubiye muri (%, Al2O3) | 29±1 | 30±1 | 30±1 | 30±1 | 30±1 |
| Ishingiro (%) | 40 - 90 | 40 - 90 | 40 - 90 | 40 - 90 | 40 - 90 |
| Ibintu bidashonga mu mazi (%) | 1.0 MAX | 0.6 MAX | 0.6 MAX | 0.6 MAX | 0.6 MAX |
| pH | 3.0 - 5.0 | 3.0 - 5.0 | 3.0 - 5.0 | 3.0 - 5.0 | 3.0 - 5.0 |
PAC-D
PAC y'umuhondo woroshye, ifite icyuma gito, ni nziza cyane mu gutunganya amazi yo kunywa. Itanga ubushobozi bwiza bwo gufungana kw'amazi kandi ishobora no gukoreshwa mu gutunganya amazi mu nganda muri rusange.
PAC-H
Ifu yera isukuye cyane ikoreshwa cyane mu gutunganya amazi yo kunywa, mu mazi yanduye yo mu nganda, mu gusiga irangi ry'amashanyarazi, no mu gukora impapuro. Itanga ubuziranenge butangaje kandi nta kintu kinini gisigaye muri aluminiyumu.
PAC-M
Ubundi buryo bw'umweru ugereranije n'amata, buhendutse kandi bufite imikorere nk'iyo mu gusukura amazi yo kunywa no mu nganda.
PAC-G
Igicuruzwa cya PAC cyo mu gisekuru gitaha gitanga umusaruro mwiza kurusha PAC-H mu gihe gihendutse kurusha PAC-H na PAC-M.
PAC-I
Ifu y'umuhondo, PAC yo mu rwego rw'inganda yagenewe gutunganya amazi yanduye atandukanye, harimo imyenda, uruhu, gucapa, gusiga irangi, no gucukura amazi mu migezi. Kubera ko ifite ubushobozi bworoshye, PAC-I ikora neza cyane mu gutunganya amazi yanduye cyane kandi itanga igipimo cyiza cy'igiciro n'imikorere.
Ibibazo by'Ubuziranenge bw'Amazi yo Kunywa muri Amerika y'Epfo
Imiterere y'ubuziranenge bw'amazi muri Amerika y'Epfo iratandukanye cyane bitewe n'uturere, bigira ingaruka ku guhitamo urwego rwa PAC n'ingamba zo kuyapima.
Dore ingero zimwe na zimwe z'ibibazo bikunze kugaragara mu bihugu by'ingenzi bijyanye n'amazi n'uburyo akoreshwa mu kuyatunganya:
| Igihugu | Ibiranga Amazi Mato Asanzwe | Imbogamizi y'ingenzi |
| Burezili | Ubushyuhe bwinshi, ibara, n'ibintu bikomoka ku migezi yo mu turere dushyuha | Ihindagurika ry'ibihe n'umutwaro w'ibinyabuzima |
| Arijantine | Ubushyuhe buringaniye n'ibumba rya colloidal | ihindagurika rya pH, ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe |
| Shili | Amazi yo hejuru aturuka muri Andes afite umukungugu muke | Ubushyuhe bukonje, busaba ko habaho gufungana neza |
| Peru | Amazi yo mu misozi afite ubutare buke | Guhindura pH na alkalinity |
| Kolombiya | Imigezi yo mu mijyi irimo imyanda ikomoka ku bimera n'inganda | COD no gukuraho ibara |
Dore ingero zimwe na zimwe z'ibibazo bikunze kugaragara mu bihugu by'ingenzi bijyanye n'amazi n'uburyo akoreshwa mu kuyatunganya:
Kuba PAC ihindagurika mu bushyuhe n'imiterere ya pH bituma iba nziza kuri ibi bidukikije bitandukanye.
Urugero:
Muri Brezili, PAC 10% y'amazi ikunze gukoreshwa mu miyoboro y'amazi bitewe n'imikorere yayo ihoraho mu bihe by'imvura.
Muri Chili na Peru, PAC ifite ubushobozi bwo gufungana (85–90%) itanga uburyo bwo gufungana vuba mu mazi yo mu misozi afite ubushyuhe buke.
Polyaluminum Chloride: Amabwiriza n'Amahame Ngenderwaho mu Buziranenge muri Amerika y'Epfo
Ku bijyanye no gutunganya amazi yo kunywa muri Amerika y'Epfo, PAC igomba kubahiriza amahame y’umutekano y’igihugu n’ay’amahanga abigenga.
Ibipimo ngenderwaho bisanzwe by’amategeko bikubiyemo:
Burezili:ABNT NBR 15784 / ANVISA Amazi yo kunywa akoreshwa mu gufunga amazi
Arijantine na Shili:Amabwiriza ya Minisiteri y'Ubuzima (Ministerio de Salud) Ibisigazwa bya aluminiyumu (<0.2 mg/L)
Megizike:NOM-127-SSA1-2021 (Ikigero ntarengwa cya aluminiyumu 0.2 mg/L)
OMS (Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima): Ibisigazwa bya aluminiyumu mu mazi yavuwe <0.2 mg/L
Ibikoresho bya PAC byiza cyane bikoreshwa mu gusukura amazi yo kunywa akenshi biba bifite ibi bikurikira:
Ibipimo bike bidashonga (<0.1%)
Ubutare buri hasi (<0.005%)
Ibikubiye muri Al₂O₃ byinshi (≥30%)
Abacuruzi bagomba kugenzura ko abatanga ibicuruzwa byabo bya PAC batanga icyemezo cya NSF/ANSI 60, REACH cyangwa ISO 9001 kugira ngo barebe ko ibicuruzwa bikurikiranwa neza kandi ko byubahiriza umutekano.
Hitamo PAC ikwiye ukurikije imiterere y'aho utuye
Mu guhitamo PAC yo gusukura amazi yo kunywa, abakwirakwiza amazi n'abayinjeniyeri bagomba kuzirikana ibintu bitatu by'ingenzi bikurikira:
· Isoko y'amazi n'imiterere yayo
Amazi yo hejuru (imigezi, ibigega): Koresha PAC ifite alkali iri hagati kugeza kuri nyinshi (70-85%) kugira ngo uvure ubushuhe bwinshi n'ibintu bikomoka ku bimera.
Amazi yo hasi cyangwa amazi y'isoko: Gukoresha PAC ifite alkalinity nke (60-70%) bishobora gutuma amazi agwa neza kandi bigabanura ibisigazwa bya aluminiyumu.
· Igishushanyo mbonera cy'uruganda n'uburyo bwo gupima
Ku nganda nini z’umujyi: Liquid PAC (10-18%) biroroshye kuvanga mu buryo bwikora kandi bigabanya ivumbi.
Ku byaro cyangwa sisitemu zo mu cyaro: PAC ifite ifu ifite imiterere yo kuguma igihe kirekire mu bubiko no gutwara ibintu byoroshye.
· Ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe n'ibihe by'umwaka
Mu turere dushyuha (Brezili, Kolombiya), PAC isanzwe ifite alkali iri hagati irakoreshwa.
Mu turere dukonje cyane (nka Shili no mu majyepfo ya Argentine), PAC ifite alkali nyinshi ishobora kongera ubushobozi bwo gukora flocs ku bushyuhe buke.
Ni gute abakwirakwiza PAC bashobora gukomeza guhatana?
Kugira ngo bakomeze guhatana ku isoko ryo gutunganya amazi muri Amerika y'Epfo, abacuruza amazi bagomba:
Fatanya n'abantu bizeweInganda za PACgutanga serivisi zihamye n'ubufasha mu bya tekiniki.
Tanga ubuyobozi bw'ibanze ku gipimo cy'umuti no gupima uburyo ukoreshwa mu gupima.
Tanga amapaki yoroheje n'amapaki mato ku bacuruza ibicuruzwa bo mu gace utuyemo.
Shyira ahagaragara icyemezo (NSF, REACH, ISO) n'ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa ku kirango cy'ibicuruzwa.
Bitewe no kongerera ubumenyi abaturage ku bijyanye n'umutekano w'amazi n'ishoramari rya leta mu bikorwa remezo, biteganijwe ko icyifuzo cy'amazi yo kunywa PAC muri Amerika y'Epfo kizakomeza kwiyongera. Mu guhitamo ibicuruzwa bya PAC byiza kandi byemewe no kubibika mu buryo bukwiye no mu bipfunyika bikwiye, ababikwirakwiza bashobora kugira uruhare runini mu gushyigikira ubuzima rusange no kurengera ibidukikije mu karere kose.
Yuncang ishobora gutanga ubwoko butandukanye bwa PAC. Niba bibaye ngombwa, sura:Ibisobanuro bya Polyaluminum Chloride
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-05-2025