Inganda zitunganya amazi yinganda nuburyo bukoreshwa
Amavu n'amavuko
Hamwe niterambere ryihuse ryinganda, akamaro ko gutunganya amazi mubikorwa bitandukanye byinganda bigenda bigaragara. Gutunganya amazi mu nganda ntabwo ari umuhuza wingenzi kugirango ibikorwa bigende neza, ahubwo ni ingamba zingenzi zujuje amabwiriza y’ibidukikije ndetse n’ibikenewe mu iterambere rirambye.
Ubwoko bwo Gutunganya Amazi
| Ubwoko bwo gutunganya amazi | Intego nyamukuru | Ibikoresho byingenzi byo kuvura | Inzira nyamukuru. |
| Amazi meza | Kuzuza ibisabwa amazi yo murugo cyangwa mu nganda | Amazi meza | Kwiyungurura, gutembera, coagulation. |
| Gutunganya amazi | Kuzuza ibisabwa byihariye | Amazi atunganya inganda | Kworoshya, gusiba, deoxygene. |
| Gukwirakwiza amazi akonje | Menya neza imikorere isanzwe y'ibikoresho | Kuzenguruka amazi akonje | Kuvura. |
| Gutunganya amazi mabi | Kurengera ibidukikije | Amazi mabi yinganda | Kuvura umubiri, imiti, ibinyabuzima. |
| Gutunganya amazi | Mugabanye gukoresha amazi meza | Amazi yakoreshejwe | Bisa no gutunganya amazi mabi. |
Imiti ikoreshwa neza
| Icyiciro | Imiti ikoreshwa cyane | Imikorere |
| Umukozi woherejwe | PAC, PAM, PDADMAC ， polyamine, sulfate ya aluminium, nibindi | Kuraho ibintu byahagaritswe nibintu kama |
| Imiti yica udukoko | nka TCCA, SDIC, ozone, dioxyde ya chlorine, Kalisiyumu Hypochlorite, nibindi | Yica mikorobe mu mazi (nka bagiteri, virusi, ibihumyo na protozoa) |
| pH | Acide Aminosulfonike, NaOH, lime, aside sulfurike, nibindi | Tunganya amazi pH |
| Gukuraho ibyuma | EDTA, Ion guhana resin | Kuraho ion ziremereye (nk'icyuma, umuringa, gurş, kadmium, mercure, nikel, nibindi) nibindi byuma byangiza mumazi |
| Inhibitor | Organofosifate, organophosifore karubasi ya acide | Irinde igipimo cyakozwe na calcium na magnesium ion. Ifite kandi ingaruka zimwe zo gukuraho ion zicyuma |
| Deoxidizer | Sodium sulfite, hydrazine, nibindi. | Kuraho ogisijeni yashonze kugirango wirinde kwangirika kwa ogisijeni |
| Umukozi ushinzwe isuku | Acide Citric, aside sulfurike, aside aminosulfonike | Kuraho igipimo n'umwanda |
| Oxidants | ozone, persulfate, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen peroxide, nibindi | Kurandura, gukuraho umwanda no kuzamura ubwiza bw’amazi, nibindi. |
| Korohereza | nka lime na sodium karubone. | Kuraho ion zikomeye (calcium, magnesium ion) kandi bigabanya ibyago byo gushingwa |
| Abatesha agaciro/Antifoam | Kuraho cyangwa gukuraho ifuro | |
| Gukuraho | Kalisiyumu Hypochlorite | kura NH₃-N mumazi mabi kugirango yujuje ubuziranenge |
Imiti yo Gutunganya Amazi Turashobora Gutanga ：
Gutunganya amazi mu nganda bivuga inzira yo gutunganya amazi yinganda n’amazi asohoka binyuze mumubiri, imiti, ibinyabuzima nubundi buryo. Gutunganya amazi mu nganda ni igice cy'ingenzi mu musaruro w'inganda, kandi akamaro kayo kagaragarira mu ngingo zikurikira:
1.1 Menya neza ibicuruzwa byiza
Kuraho umwanda mumazi nkicyuma ion, ibyuma byahagaritswe, nibindi kugirango ubone umusaruro ukenewe kandi urebe neza ibicuruzwa.
Irinde kwangirika: Umwuka wa ogisijeni ushonga, dioxyde de carbone, nibindi mumazi birashobora gutera kwangirika kwibikoresho byicyuma kandi bigabanya ubuzima bwibikoresho.
Kurwanya mikorobe: Bagiteri, algae nizindi mikorobe mumazi birashobora gutera ibicuruzwa byanduye, bikagira ingaruka kumiterere yibicuruzwa n'umutekano mubuzima.
1.2 Kunoza umusaruro
Kugabanya igihe cyagenwe: Gutunganya amazi buri gihe birashobora gukumira neza gupima ibikoresho no kwangirika, kugabanya inshuro zo gufata neza ibikoresho no kubisimbuza, bityo bikazamura umusaruro.
Hindura uburyo bwimikorere: Binyuze mu gutunganya amazi, ubwiza bwamazi bujuje ibisabwa birashobora kuboneka kugirango umusaruro uhamye.
1.3 Kugabanya ibiciro byumusaruro
Zigama ingufu: Binyuze mu gutunganya amazi, ibikoresho gukoresha ingufu birashobora kugabanuka kandi amafaranga yo kubyaza umusaruro arashobora kuzigama.
Irinde gupima: Iyoni zikomeye nka calcium na magnesium ion mumazi zizakora igipimo, zifatire hejuru yibikoresho, bigabanye gukora neza.
Ongera ubuzima bwibikoresho: Kugabanya ibikoresho kwangirika no gupima, kongera igihe cyibikorwa bya serivisi, no kugabanya ibiciro byo guta ibikoresho.
Mugabanye gukoresha ibikoresho: Binyuze mu gutunganya amazi, imyanda ya biocide irashobora kugabanuka kandi amafaranga yumusaruro arashobora kugabanuka.
Kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho fatizo: Binyuze mu gutunganya amazi, ibikoresho fatizo bisigaye mu mazi y’imyanda birashobora kugarurwa no gusubizwa mu musaruro, bityo kugabanya imyanda y’ibikoresho fatizo no kugabanya ibiciro by’umusaruro.
1.4 Kurinda ibidukikije
Kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere: Amazi y’inganda amaze gutunganywa, ubwinshi bw’imyuka ihumanya ikirere irashobora kugabanuka kandi ibidukikije by’amazi birashobora kurindwa.
Menya neza ko umutungo w’amazi wongeye gukoreshwa: Binyuze mu gutunganya amazi, amazi y’inganda arashobora kongera gukoreshwa kandi guterwa n’amazi meza birashobora kugabanuka.
1.5 Kurikiza amabwiriza y’ibidukikije
Kuzuza ibipimo by’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere: Amazi y’inganda agomba kuba yujuje ubuziranenge bw’igihugu ndetse n’ibanze, kandi gutunganya amazi ni inzira yingenzi yo kugera kuri iyi ntego.
Muri make, gutunganya amazi munganda ntabwo bifitanye isano gusa nubwiza bwibicuruzwa no gukora neza, ahubwo bifitanye isano nubukungu no kurengera ibidukikije byinganda. Binyuze mu gutunganya amazi mu buryo bwa siyansi kandi bushyize mu gaciro, gukoresha neza umutungo w’amazi birashobora kugerwaho kandi iterambere rirambye ry’inganda rirashobora gutezwa imbere.
Gutunganya amazi mu nganda bikubiyemo imirima myinshi, harimo ingufu, imiti, imiti, metallurgie, inganda n’ibiribwa n’ibindi, n'ibindi.
2.1 Imiti n’amahame yo kuvura neza (Pretreatment Water Raw)
Gutegura amazi mabi mugutunganya amazi yinganda harimo ahanini kuyungurura ibanze, coagulation, flocculation, ubutayu, flotation, kwanduza, guhinduranya pH, gukuraho ion ibyuma no kuyungurura bwa nyuma. Imiti ikoreshwa cyane harimo:
Coagulants na flocculants: nka PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamine, sulfate ya aluminium, nibindi.
Icyoroshya: nka lime na sodium karubone.
Indwara zanduza: nka TCCA, SDIC, Kalisiyumu Hypochlorite, ozone, dioxyde ya chlorine, nibindi.
pH igenzura: nka aside aminosulfonike, hydroxide ya sodium, lime, aside sulfurike, nibindi.
Metal ion ikurahoEDTA, Ion yo guhana resin nibindi,
ibikoresho byangiza: organophosphates, acide organifosifore karubasi ya acide, nibindi.
Adsorbents: nka karubone ikora, alumina ikora, nibindi.
Guhuza no gukoresha iyi miti birashobora gufasha gutunganya amazi yinganda kuvanaho neza ibintu byahagaritswe, ibyuka bihumanya, ioni yicyuma na mikorobe mvaruganda mumazi, kwemeza ko ubwiza bwamazi bwujuje ibyifuzo byumusaruro, kandi bikagabanya umutwaro wo kuvura nyuma.
2.2 Imiti n'amahame yo gutunganya amazi
Gutunganya amazi mu gutunganya amazi mu nganda cyane cyane harimo kwitegura, koroshya, deoxidisation, gukuramo fer na manganese, kuyangiza, kuyangiza no kuyanduza. Buri ntambwe isaba imiti itandukanye kugirango hongerwe ubwiza bwamazi no kwemeza imikorere isanzwe yibikoresho bitandukanye byinganda. Imiti isanzwe irimo:
| Coagulants na flocculants: | nka PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamine, sulfate ya aluminium, nibindi |
| Koroshya: | nka lime na sodium karubone. |
| Imiti yica udukoko: | nka TCCA, SDIC, Kalisiyumu Hypochlorite, ozone, dioxyde ya chlorine, nibindi. |
| abahindura pH: | nka aside aminosulfonike, hydroxide ya sodium, lime, aside sulfurike, nibindi. |
| Gukuraho ibyuma bya ion: | EDTA, Ion guhana resin |
| Inhibitori: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acide, nibindi |
| Adsorbents: | nka karubone ikora, alumina ikora, nibindi |
Iyi miti irashobora guhuza ibikenerwa bitandukanye byamazi yatunganijwe binyuze muburyo butandukanye bwo gutunganya amazi, kwemeza ko ubwiza bwamazi bwujuje ubuziranenge bwumusaruro, kugabanya ibyago byo kwangirika kw ibikoresho, no kuzamura umusaruro.
2.3 Imiti n’amahame yo gukwirakwiza amazi akonje
Gukwirakwiza amazi akonje ni igice cyingenzi mu gutunganya amazi y’inganda, cyane cyane mu nganda nyinshi (nk'inganda zikora imiti, inganda z’amashanyarazi, inganda z’ibyuma, n’ibindi), aho usanga amazi akonje akoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho byo gukonjesha no gutunganya. Kuzenguruka sisitemu yo gukonjesha birashobora gukwirakwira, kwangirika, gukura kwa mikorobe nibindi bibazo bitewe nubunini bwamazi menshi no gutembera kenshi. Kubwibyo, uburyo bwiza bwo gutunganya amazi bugomba gukoreshwa mugukemura ibyo bibazo no kwemeza imikorere ihamye ya sisitemu.
Gukwirakwiza amazi akonje bigamije gukumira kwangirika, kwangirika no kwanduza ibinyabuzima muri sisitemu no kwemeza neza ubukonje. Kurikirana ibipimo nyamukuru mumazi akonje (nka pH, ubukana, ububobere, ogisijeni yashonze, mikorobe, nibindi) hanyuma usesengure ibibazo byubuziranenge bwamazi kugirango bivurwe neza.
| Coagulants na flocculants: | nka PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamine, sulfate ya aluminium, nibindi |
| Koroshya: | nka lime na sodium karubone. |
| Imiti yica udukoko: | nka TCCA, SDIC, Kalisiyumu Hypochlorite, ozone, dioxyde ya chlorine, nibindi. |
| abahindura pH: | nka aside aminosulfonike, hydroxide ya sodium, lime, aside sulfurike, nibindi. |
| Gukuraho ibyuma bya ion: | EDTA, Ion guhana resin |
| Inhibitori: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acide, nibindi |
| Adsorbents: | nka karubone ikora, alumina ikora, nibindi |
Ubu buryo bwo kuvura nuburyo bwo kuvura bufasha kwirinda kwipima, kwangirika, no kwanduza mikorobe, kwemeza imikorere yigihe kirekire ya sisitemu yo gukonjesha, kugabanya ibyangiritse no gukoresha ingufu, no kunoza imikorere ya sisitemu.
2.4 Imiti n'amahame yo gutunganya amazi mabi
Igikorwa cyo gutunganya amazi mabi yinganda kirashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro byinshi ukurikije ibiranga amazi y’amazi n’intego zo kuyitunganya, cyane cyane nko kwitegura, kutabogama kwa aside-aside, kuvanaho ibintu kama n’ibintu byahagaritswe, kuvura hagati no gutera imbere, kwanduza no kwanduza, gutunganya imyanda no gutunganya amazi. Buri muyoboro usaba imiti itandukanye kugirango ikorere hamwe kugirango habeho gukora neza no gutunganya amazi mabi.
Gutunganya amazi mabi mu nganda agabanijwemo uburyo butatu bwingenzi: umubiri, imiti n’ibinyabuzima, kugirango huzuzwe ibipimo byangiza ikirere no kugabanya umwanda w’ibidukikije.
Uburyo bw'umubiri:ubutayu, kuyungurura, flotation, nibindi
Uburyo bwa shimi:kutabogama, redox, imvura igwa.
Uburyo bwibinyabuzima:uburyo bukoreshwa bwa sludge, membrane bioreactor (MBR), nibindi
Imiti isanzwe irimo:
| Coagulants na flocculants: | nka PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamine, sulfate ya aluminium, nibindi |
| Koroshya: | nka lime na sodium karubone. |
| Imiti yica udukoko: | nka TCCA, SDIC, Kalisiyumu Hypochlorite, ozone, dioxyde ya chlorine, nibindi. |
| abahindura pH: | nka aside aminosulfonike, hydroxide ya sodium, lime, aside sulfurike, nibindi. |
| Gukuraho ibyuma bya ion: | EDTA, Ion guhana resin |
| Inhibitori: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acide, nibindi |
| Adsorbents: | nka karubone ikora, alumina ikora, nibindi |
Binyuze mu gukoresha neza iyi miti, amazi y’inganda arashobora gutunganywa no gusohorwa hubahirijwe ibipimo, ndetse akanongera gukoreshwa, bifasha kugabanya umwanda w’ibidukikije no gukoresha umutungo w’amazi.
2.5 Imiti n’amahame yo gutunganya amazi yongeye gukoreshwa
Gutunganya amazi yongeye gukoreshwa bivuga uburyo bwo gucunga umutungo wamazi wongera gukoresha amazi mabi yinganda nyuma yo kuyatunganya. Kubera ko umutungo w’amazi ugenda wiyongera, imirima myinshi y’inganda yafashe ingamba zo gutunganya amazi yatunganijwe neza, ntabwo azigama umutungo w’amazi gusa, ahubwo anagabanya amafaranga yo gutunganya no gusohora. Urufunguzo rwo gutunganya amazi yongeye gukoreshwa ni ugukuraho umwanda uhumanya amazi kugirango ubwiza bw’amazi bwujuje ibisabwa kugirango bongere gukoreshwa, bisaba gutunganya neza n’ikoranabuhanga.
Inzira yo gutunganya amazi yatunganijwe cyane ikubiyemo intambwe zingenzi zikurikira:
Kwitegura:kura ibice binini byumwanda namavuta, ukoresheje PAC, PAM, nibindi.
Guhindura pH:hindura pH, imiti ikoreshwa cyane harimo sodium hydroxide, aside sulfurike, hydroxide ya calcium, nibindi.
Kuvura ibinyabuzima:kuvanaho ibintu kama, gushyigikira kwangirika kwa mikorobe, koresha ammonium chloride, sodium dihydrogen fosifate, nibindi.
Kuvura imiti:okiside ikuraho ibintu kama nicyuma kiremereye, bikunze gukoreshwa ozone, persulfate, sodium sulfide, nibindi.
Gutandukana kwa Membrane:koresha osmose revers, nanofiltration, hamwe na tekinoroji ya ultrafiltration kugirango ukureho ibintu byashonze kandi urebe neza amazi meza.
Kwanduza:kuvana mikorobe, koresha chlorine, ozone, calcium hypochlorite, nibindi.
Gukurikirana no guhindura:Menya neza ko amazi yakoreshejwe yujuje ubuziranenge no gukoresha ibiyobora hamwe nibikoresho byo kugenzura kugirango uhindurwe.
Abatesha agaciro:Zirinda cyangwa zikuraho ifuro mugabanya ubukana bwubuso bwamazi no kwangiza ituze ryifuro. .
Kalisiyumu hypochlorite:Bakuraho umwanda nka azote ya amoniya
Ikoreshwa ryiyi miti n’imiti byemeza ko ubwiza bw’amazi yatunganijwe yujuje ubuziranenge bwo kongera gukoresha, bigatuma bukoreshwa neza mu musaruro w’inganda.
Gutunganya amazi munganda nigice cyingenzi mubikorwa byinganda bigezweho. Inzira yacyo no guhitamo imiti bigomba gutezimbere ukurikije ibisabwa byihariye. Gukoresha neza imiti ntishobora kunoza gusa uburyo bwo kuvura, ariko kandi bigabanya ibiciro no kugabanya ingaruka kubidukikije. Mu bihe biri imbere, hamwe n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga no kunoza ibisabwa byo kurengera ibidukikije, gutunganya amazi mu nganda bizatera imbere mu bwenge kandi bwatsi.