Isukari ni kimwe mu biribwa bikoreshwa cyane ku isi, ahanini bikomoka ku bijumba na beterave. Gukora isukari nziza ni inzira igoye igizwe n'ibice byinshi: gukuramo, gukosora, guhumeka, gushushanya no gutunganya isukari. Muri buri cyiciro cyo gutunganya isukari, ubwiza n'ubuziranenge bw'umutobe w'isukari bigomba kugenzurwa neza. Imyanda karemano, nk'uduce twa colloidal, poroteyine, ibara n'udukoko, bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere y'isuku, kuyungurura no gushushanya.
Imiti igira uruhare runini mu bikorwa byo gukora isukari muri iki gihe. Iyo hatabayeho kugenzura neza imiti, iyi myanda ishobora gutera ubwinshi, ibibazo by'amabara ndetse no kubura umusaruro. Imiti ikora isukari ntiyongera gusa imikorere myiza n'umusaruro, ahubwo inanoza ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa, ikagabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu, kandi igafasha inganda kubahiriza amahame yo kurengera ibidukikije. Iyi miti ishobora:
- Kunoza imikorere myiza y'ubuhanga n'ingaruka zo gutandukanya ibintu bikomeye n'amazi.
- Kurinda gukura kwa mikorobe mu mutobe w'imbuto na sirupe.
- Ongera ingaruka zo guhindura ibara ry'isukari yera ifite ubuziranenge bwinshi.
- Genzura uko ifuro n'ibipimo byaryo bimera mu cyuma gishyushya amazi n'icyuma gishyushya amazi.
Iyi nkuru ifata urugero rw'ibisheke kugira ngo isobanure neza uburyo isukari ikorwa. Yanasobanuye uburyo imiti itandukanye - imiti igabanya ubushyuhe, imiti yica udukoko, imiti ikuraho ibara n'imiti igabanya ubushyuhe - yakoreshejwe muri buri cyiciro kugira ngo isukari ikore neza kandi ikore neza.
Uburyo bwo gukora isukari n'ikoreshwa ryayo mu miti
Gutegura ibikoresho fatizo
Gukora isukari bitangirira ku gusarura no gutegura ibikoresho fatizo. Ibisheke byogeshwa bigacibwa kugira ngo bikureho ubutaka, amabuye n'amababi. Muri iki cyiciro, iyo umutobe ugumye igihe kirekire, uzatangira kororoka udukoko. Kugira ngo ugabanye uburemere bwa mikorobe ku buso bw'ibikoresho fatizo, hirindwe kwanduzwa cyangwa kwangirika k'umutobe w'isukari mu gihe cyo kuyisukura, hari igihe imiti yica udukoko ishyirwa ku buso bw'ibisheke, amazi yo kubika cyangwa ibikoresho byo gusukura.
| Ubwoko bw'imiti yica udukoko | Ibyitonderwa bisabwe | Uburyo bwo Gukoresha | Imirimo y'ingenzi | Amabwiriza yo Kwirinda | Ibyiza |
| Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO) | Chlorine idafite 50–200 ppm | Gutera cyangwa kuvoma isukari ku minota 5-10 | Gutunganya indwara mu buryo bwagutse, bigabanya uburemere bw'udukoko | Genzura urugero rw'amazi (muri rusange 50–200 ppm idafite chlorine). Irinde korone nyinshi isigara mu mutobe kugira ngo wirinde ibibazo by'ibara cyangwa crystallization. Oza cyangwa usuke amazi nyuma yo kuyakoresha nibiba ngombwa. | Gusukura mu buryo bwagutse; igiciro gito. |
| Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate (SDIC) | Chlorine idafite 50–150 ppm | Gutera cyangwa kuvoma isukari ku minota 5-10 | Ituje cyane, ikora neza cyane mu gusukura | Genzura korone idafite chlorine kugira ngo wirinde kugira ingaruka ku ihinduka ry'umutobe n'ibara ryawo. | Irahamye kurusha sodium hypochlorite; ikora neza cyane; isigaye ya chlorine igenzurwa; ikoreshwa cyane mu gutunganya ibiribwa. |
| Peroxide ya Hydrogen (H₂O₂) | 0.1%–0.5% | Yongerwa mu mazi meza cyangwa mu gusukura hejuru | Gusukura, nta bisigazwa, nta ngaruka mbi ku bidukikije | Kugenzura ingano y'ibinyabutabire; muri rusange 0.1–0.5% mu gutunganya ubuso. Bikore witonze mu gihe cyo kubikoresha. | Ibora nta bisigazwa; irangwa n'umutekano kandi irinda ibidukikije. |
| Amazi ashyushye / Umwotsi | Amazi ashyushye kuri 80–90°C cyangwa agashyuha kuri 100°C | Koza n'amazi ashyushye cyangwa ukoresheje umwuka mu gihe cy'iminota 2-5 | Gusukura inyamaswa mu buryo bwa sterilization nta kongeramo imiti | Ikoreshwa ry'ingufu nyinshi; bisaba ibikoresho bikwiye; kurikiza ingamba zo kwirinda. | Nta bintu byongeramo imiti; bigabanya ibisigazwa by'imiti. |
| Gusukura Ibinyabiziga / Ibigo Gusukura Amazi Gukuraho Indwara | SDIC, 50–100 ppm | Gusukura ibikoresho, imodoka zitwara abantu | Birinda kwanduzanya kw'inyongera | Simbuza kandi ugenzure buri gihe ingano ya chlorine idafite. | — |
Imyitozo isabwa
Iyo ibisheke byinjiriye mu ruganda, bibanza kozwa n'amazi meza kugira ngo bikuremo ubutaka n'imyanda.
Hanyuma, gusukura ku butaka bikorwa hakoreshejwe gutera umuti wa SDIC cyangwa sodium hypochlorite ufite ubukana buke hakurikijwe uko ibintu bimeze.
Amasoko y'amazi n'ibikoresho byo gusukura by'uruganda rw'isukari nabyo bigomba gusukurwa buri gihe kugira ngo ibidukikije byose bibe bifite isuku.
Gukuramo umutobe
Nyuma y'intambwe ya mbere yo gusukura no kwica udukoko. Intambwe ikurikiraho ni ugukuramo umutobe w'ibisheke. Umutobe ubusanzwe ukurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukanda cyangwa gukwirakwiza. Iyi ntambwe ikubiyemo gusenya imiterere ikomeye y'ibisheke no kubikuramo umutobe.
Akenshi, imashini itunganya isukari igizwe n'imashini eshatu zikora imitobe zivanze n'icyuma gikata cyangwa icyuma gizunguruka. Iyo isukari imaze gutunganywa ku mukandara umwe, izajyanwa ku wundi mukandara kugira ngo ikuremo umutobe mwinshi. Ariko, mbere yo kuyitwara, amazi abanza gusukwa kugira ngo ikomeze gukuramo umutobe. Ibisigazwa bisigaye nyuma yo kuyitunganya byitwa bagasse.
Umutobe urimo imyanda ishongeshwa n’iy’ibimera, harimo n’udusimba tw’ibimera, poroteyine ndetse n’uduce tw’ubutaka twakuweho burundu. Iyi myanda igomba kuvurwa kugira ngo yongere ubushobozi bwo gusesengura no gushushanya neza nyuma.
Gusobanura neza umutobe w'ibisheke
Gutunganya imitobe ni intambwe y'ingenzi cyane mu ntangiriro z'igikorwa cyo gukora isukari. Intego ni ukuvana imyanda (nk'ubutaka, poroteyine, colloid, aside organic, nibindi) mu mutobe w'ibisheke no kunoza ubuziranenge bwabyo. Muri rusange, inzira ya Lime ikoreshwa, ihujwe n'uburyo bwa fosifore cyangwa uburyo bwa karubone.
Ikoreshwa ry'imiti
Lime (CaO)/amata y'indimu (Ca(OH)2) : Igabanya aside kandi igatuma imyanda igabanuka.
Diyozede ya karuboni (CO2)2) (ikoreshwa mu buryo bwa karubone): Igira ingaruka hamwe n'indimu igakora calcium carbonate precipitate, ikwinjiza imyanda.
Uburyo bwo gufasha ibintu bifunganye: Bufasha ibintu bikomeye bihagaze vuba.
Ikoreshwa cyane: Polyaluminium chloride (PAC), polyacrylamide (PAM), n'ibindi.
Sulfure (SO2) cyangwa sodium sulfite: Igira uruhare mu guhindura ibara, guhindura ibara no gutuma phosphore ihinduka.
Kuyungurura no Gushyushya
Nyuma yo gukaraba neza, umutobe ugomba kuyungururwa kugira ngo ukureho imyanda. Gushyushya umutobe mbere yo guhumeka ni ingenzi cyane, kuko bifasha kugabanya ubukana bw'umutobe kandi bikarinda mikorobe gukura.
Guhumeka no Kwishyira mu Mubyimba
Hanyuma umutobe w'imbuto ushyirwa muri sirupe hakoreshejwe icyuma gishyushya amazi gifite ingaruka nyinshi, bikagabanya ubushuhe kuva kuri 85% kugeza kuri 30-40%. Gushyushya amazi hakoreshejwe vacuum cleaner bifasha kubungabunga ubuziranenge bw'isukari, ariko binatera imbogamizi zimwe na zimwe mu mikorere:
- Poroteyine zashongeshejwe n'ibinyabutabire bitera ifuro.
- Ubwinshi bw'ibipimo ku buso bw'imashini ishyushya.
Imikoreshereze y'imiti:
Ibikoresho byo gukangura: Ibikoresho byo gukangura bikozwe muri silikoni bikoreshwa mu gukuraho ifuro rishyushye cyane. Ibikoresho byo gukangura bikozwe muri polyether n'ibinure birimo alcool bibereye imitobe y'imbuto ikoze muri foam iringaniye.
Ibikoresho bigabanya ubushyuhe/ibigabanya ubushyuhe: Bikumira ikorwa rya kalisiyumu karubone cyangwa sulfate mu gikoresho cyo guhumeka.
Ingaruka: Kugenzura neza ifuro no gukumira ibipimo bitanga umwuka mwiza, ubushobozi bwo kohereza ubushyuhe bwinshi, kandi igihe cyo kuruhuka kikaba gito.
Guhindura kristalo
Uburyo bwo gushushanya isukari mu gukora isukari (ikunze kwitwa guteka mu nganda) ni intambwe ikomeye mu guhindura isukari yashyizwemo isukari ikomeye. Isukari yashyizwemo isukari itekwa mu isafuriya kugira ngo itangire gushushanya isukari. Gushushanya isukari neza ni ingenzi kugira ngo isukari itange umusaruro, ingano ya kristu, n'ibara ryayo. Iyi ni inzira igoye ya fizikiki igamije kugenzura ingano n'uburyo kristu za sukari zimeze.
Muri ubu buryo, imiti igabanya ubushyuhe ikunze gukoreshwa. Imiti igabanya ubushyuhe igenzura ikorwa ry'ifuro mu gihe cyo kubira, ikarinda isukari kuzura.
Guhindura kristali mu buryo buhamye byongera umusaruro w'isukari kandi bigabanya igihombo mu gihe cyo kuyigabanya.
Gutandukanya no gutandukanya
Nyuma yo gukora kristu, kristu zitandukanywa na molasses hakoreshejwe icyuma gishyushya hanyuma zikamishwa binyuze mu miyoboro ishyushye. Molasses zishobora gukomeza gutunganywa kugira ngo zikoreshwe muri ethanol, ibiryo by'amatungo, cyangwa izindi mirimo.
Guhindura ibara no Kunoza
Gukuraho ibara no gutunganya ni cyo cyiciro cya nyuma mu gukora isukari, cyane cyane gikoreshwa mu gukora isukari yera itunganyijwe neza (nk'isukari ivanze cyangwa isukari y'amabuye). Iki cyiciro gisaba gukoresha imiti myinshi n'ibinyabutabire biyitera.
Imiti ikoreshwa cyane irimo:
Karuboni ikora (ifu cyangwa utunyangingo): Ikuramo polyphenols, karameli, n'izindi pigment.
Gukuraho ibara rya resins/ion exchange resins: Kuraho imvange z'ibara rya ionic n'izitari ionic.
Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂): Igabanya ibara ry’ibisigaye, irushaho gutuma ibara rya sirupe rirushaho kuba ryiza.
Ibikoresho byo gukuraho ibara: Bika agaciro ka ICUMSA gake kandi bifite ubwiza bwo hejuru bw'amashusho.
Ibi byavuzwe haruguru bigaragaza inzira z'ingenzi n'ikoreshwa ry'imiti mu nganda z'isukari.
Imiti ijyanye n'iyi ecran:
Amazi yanduye yo mu nganda z'isukari avurwa ate?
Inganda z'isukari zikora amazi mabi mu gihe cyo gukora isukari. Aya mazi mabi ni meza cyane kandi afite umwanda mwinshi, asaba ko amazi atunganywa neza mbere yo kuyasohora.
Amazi yanduye aturuka ahanini mu kumesa ibikoresho fatizo, gusukura ibikoresho, amazi yanduye yo gukora isukari, amazi akonjesha/akonjesha, no gushyushya amazi mu byuma bishyushya amazi. Aya mazi yanduye arangwa no kuba menshi cyane mu mazi ya COD na BOD (bitewe n'isukari), ingano nini y'ibintu bikomeye bihagaze, kubora cyane, rimwe na rimwe akubiyemo amavuta n'ibishishwa. Kubwibyo, inzira zitandukanye—gutunganya mbere yo kuyatunganya + gufunga no kuyasiga + kuvurwa mu buryo bw'ibinyabuzima + kuvurwa mu buryo bwisumbuyeho—zikunze gukoreshwa mu gutunganya aya mazi yanduye. Uburyo busanzwe bwo kuyatunganya burimo kuvura umubiri (nk'ugusukura no kuyayungurura), kuvurwa mu buryo bwa chimique (nk'ugufunga no kuyagabanya), no kuvurwa mu buryo bwa biyoloji (nk'ugusukura no kuyasukura mu buryo bwakozwe n'ibishanga).
Ni iyihe miti ikenewe kugira ngo ivure amazi yanduye aturuka mu nganda z'isukari?
Intambwe zihariye n'ikoreshwa ry'imiti ni ibi bikurikira:
| Icyiciro cyo kuvurwa | Intego | Ibinyabutabire byasabwe | Imirimo y'ingenzi |
| 1. Gukaraba ibikoresho by'ibanze no kubitunganya mbere y'igihe | Kuraho umucanga, ibyondo, insinga, ibintu bikomeye bihagaze | PAC (Polyaluminum Chloride) | Gufungana vuba, gukuraho SS no gucika kw'amazi |
| PAM (Polyacrylamide) – Anionic/Nonionic | Kwirema kw'amafi, byongera gutuza | ||
| Umusesenguzi | Igenzura ifuro rikorwa mu gihe cyo koza ibishyimbo no gukuramo umutobe | ||
| 2. Kunganya no Guhindura pH | Gutuza ubwiza bw'ibipimo, hindura pH kugira ngo umenye uko bigenda nyuma y'ibikorwa | Limu (CaO / Ca(OH)₂) | Yongera pH, ikuraho ubukana bw'igice |
| Sodiyumu hydroxide (NaOH) | Guhindura pH neza | ||
| Aside ya Sulfuriki / Aside ya Hydrochloric | Igabanya pH | ||
| Umusesenguzi | Bigabanya ifuro mu gikombe cyo kuringaniza | ||
| 3. Gufunga no gufungana kw'ibinure (Guteranya ibinure by'ibanze) | Kuraho ibintu bikomeye bimanitse, colloids, irangi; gabanya COD | PAC / PolyDADMAC / Polyamine | Ibikoresho by'ibanze byo gushonga no gukuraho amabara |
| PAM (Aniyonike) | Yongera imbaraga za floc no kwihuta mu gihe cyo gutuza | ||
| Ibifasha mu gushonga kw'amaraso (urugero: Magnesium Silicate) | Yongera imikorere isobanutse neza kandi igatuma ibintu birushaho kuba byiza | ||
| 4. Ubuvuzi bw'ibinyabuzima budafite aerobiki (UASB, EGSB) | Gabanya umutwaro mwinshi w’ibinyabuzima (COD, BOD) | Inyongeramusaruro (Inkomoko ya N & P) | Gukomeza imikorere ya mikorobe n'ibinyabuzima bizima |
| Ibihindura pH | Gumana pH nziza (6.8–7.2) kuri bagiteri zidafite umwuka | ||
| Umusesenguzi | Igabanya ifuro riterwa na biogas | ||
| 5. Ubuvuzi bw'umwuka (Ubutaka bukozwe mu mwuka, SBR) | Kugabanya cyane COD, BOD, ammonia | Inyongeramusaruro ku ntungamubiri (N & P) | Gutanga intungamubiri zihagije ku dukoko duto |
| Umusesenguzi | Igenzura ifuro mu gihe cyo guhumeka | ||
| Biyo-enzymes / Imiterere ya mikorobe | Yongera imikorere myiza yo kwangiza ibinyabuzima | ||
| 6. Ubuvuzi Buhanitse (Niba amabwiriza ahamye yo gusezererwa mu mubiri akurikizwa) | Kunoza imiterere y'urumuri, gukuraho COD isigaye, SS, ibara | Polyamine / PolyDADMAC | Gukuraho ibara rikomeye no gukuraho umwanda |
| PAC | Gukuraho SS na colloid by'inyongera | ||
| PAM (Uburemere Bunini bwa Molekyuli) | Gutunganya no gusiga irangi rya nyuma | ||
| Karuboni ikora | Ikuraho ibara, impumuro, n'ibisigazwa by'ibinyabuzima | ||
| 7. Gukuraho udukoko no kongera gukoresha amazi | Menya neza ko mikorobe zitekanye mu gihe cyo kuzisohora cyangwa kuzikoresha | Hypochlorite ya kalisiyumu | Gukuraho indwara mu buryo bukomeye |
| Sodiyumu Hypochlorite | Imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa kuri interineti | ||
| SDIC (Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate) | Irekurwa rya chlorine rihoraho kandi rihamye | ||
| TCCA (aside Trichloroisocyanuric) | Chlorine nyinshi, chlorine irekura buhoro buhoro |
Gutunganya isukari ni inzira igoye y’inganda isaba kugenzura neza buri cyiciro—kuva ku gutegura ibikoresho fatizo no kubitunganya kugeza ku gukosora, guhumeka, gushushanya, gutunganya no gutunganya amazi yanduye. Buri cyiciro gifite imbogamizi zacyo, harimo ibintu bikomeye bihagaze, ibara, imikorere ya mikorobe, ifuro, no kwiyongera kw’ibipimo. Mu gushyira imiti ikwiye muri buri cyiciro cy’ikorwa ry’isukari, inganda zikora isukari zishobora kongera umusaruro, kunoza ubwiza bwa kristu, kongera ibara, kugabanya igihombo, no kugabanya igihe cyo kudakora. Muri icyo gihe, imiti ikoreshwa neza mu by’imiti igira uruhare mu kurengera ibidukikije binyuze mu gutunganya amazi yanduye neza no kugabanya imyanda ya shimi.
Guhitamo umufatanyabikorwa ukwiye w’ibinyabutabire bituma inganda zikora isukari zirushaho gukora neza, zigatanga umusaruro uhoraho, zikongera igihe cyo gukora ibikoresho, kandi zigatanga umusaruro mwiza mu gihe kirekire.